They were able to establish communications via a line-of-sight radio with the teams of the AFO positioned around the Takur Ghar, taking advantage of the AFO's knowledge of enemy movements in real time. It is evident through the course of human events that war is an inherent endeavor revealed within our will to survive. Competence is critical not only for the commander but for the Soldiers subordinate to the commander. Major Bryan Hilferty states that the "major battle ended three or four days ago." On the second day, U.S. forces modified its original plan from a hammer-and-anvil focus to one that would see mass air fires on the valleys eastern sides in support of the U.S. Armys positions there. Because of this, the Razor 01 flew into the same enemy trap that the SEALs had flown into, with no one able to communicate the reality of the situation. Though they weren't given a specific mission, they were to establish communication for further instructions upon reaching Gardez, 10 minutes from the mountain. The Anaconda Plan was designed to do the same thing, it was a great snake that . This command structure consisted of multiple commanders of various agencies whom all had an individual role in the success of the operation. In the seven years of study and debate since 2002, key players from both sides have for the most Also, unfortunately, the pilot of the Razor 01 was not told about the enemy's anti-aircraft location on top of the mountain. The hot reception resulted in only two of the planned eight CH-47's landing in the LZ. Operation Anaconda took place in early March 2002 in the Shahikot Valley and the Armagh Mountains, Afghanistan. He realized he would not return home to see his son. Mako 30 was forced off the peak due to the heavy fire and damage done. What we can take from Operation Anaconda is the importance of implementing all six principles of mission command, which are: Build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, Provide a clear commander's intent, Exercise disciplined initiative, Use mission orders, Accept prudent risk. Also, it may serve as an ethical NCO practice if orders are absent; the commanders intent serves as a basis for taking initiative in the absence of orders. As they approached, the pilots and SEALs observed tracks in the snow and other signs of recent human activity. Just login to the Online Policy Manager to start. U.S. forces had estimated the strength of the rebels in the Shahi-Kot Valley at 150 to 200, but later information suggested the actual strength was of 500 to 1,000 fighters. This operation was the first large-scale battle in the post-2001 War in Afghanistan . The main purpose of the Anaconda plan was to defeat the rebellion by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi river. Between March 2 and March 16, 2002 1,700 airlifted U.S. troops and 1,000 pro-government Afghan militia battled between 300 and 1,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters to obtain control of the valley. General Varenikov, the commanding officer of the Soviet leadership, complained that the Afghan forces failed to develop an accurate picture of the Mujahideen defense in Zhawar, despite having enough time to do so.16 Yet, even after the Soviets took the lead, their Introduction Begun and completed in 2002, operation Anaconda became the largest operation held in Afghanistan under United States' tactical management. Leaders cannot stress enough the significance of fabricating a command structure for combat operations. John Chapman, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Anaconda&oldid=1125068720, Coalition victory, Taliban evacuates and suffers heavy casualties. The U.S determination of destroying the Taliban supporters and the Al Qaeda organization was greatly achieved in October 2001. Hyder saw the need to assist Mako 21 who at that time had two dead and two injured, one of them non-ambulatory. The exercise of mission command assimilates mission command philosophy with mission command warfighting functions. departed Afghanistan; the CTF Mountain headquarters staff followed in early September. Keywords: Operation Anaconda, mission command, unified land operations. The two Apaches were damaged early on in the day, one Apache was forced to return to base when an RPG destroyed its left-side Hellfire mount sending shrapnel through the airframe; as well as being peppered by small arms, further RPG rounds and DShK rounds (one DShK round penetrated the cockpit narrowly missing the pilots). The multiple commanders had no control over the other forces, and allied Afghan forces had equipment support to complete the mission. The successes and failures of this operation, in particular, were used to modify the relationship between unified land operations and mission command. Only after the adaptation of mission orders did the acceptable prudent risk factor become acceptable. The firefight was over in minutes; of the 18 al-Qaeda fighters, 16 were killed and two were wounded. This type of shared understanding was not initially achieved by the commanders of the U.S. forces. Naylor, Sean. An undetermined number of Afghan fighters were also killed in the Operation Anaconda. The philosophy of mission command is guided by six interdependent principles: build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, provide a clear commander's intent, exercise . General Sherman replies to General Grant his understanding and purpose of the orders. There were many factors during this operation that could have led to added failure. US Department of the Army. After nearly having their position overrun, the men in the southern LZs were in a desperate position, pinned down all day and short of ammunition. Develop an analytical essay using the six principles of mission command to appraise and compare the Operation Anaconda Case Study, March 2002. As the Rangers and special tactics team exited the aircraft, Private First Class Matt Commons, posthumously promoted to Corporal, Sergeant Brad Crose, and Specialist Marc Anderson were killed. While air force jets provided suppressive fire on the mountain top with individual gun runs since Mako 30 was less than 100 metres (110yd) north of the peak and Chalk 1 with its downed MH-47 was less than 100 m south of the peak. Operation Anaconda Command Structure. In the wake of Operation Anaconda, relations between US and UK forces on the ground soured when Stars and Stripes, the magazine for American forces and their families, openly criticized the Royal Marines for returning "empty-handed" from their search for al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters claiming that Britain's contribution to the campaign was "disappointing. Lang, Katie. Subordinates gain the trust of their commanders by displaying competence and commanders gain the trust of their subordinates by a display of their competence in training, garrison, or combat environments. Operation Anaconda has given a substantial vision for the military commanders and the team members. OPERATION ANACONDA OVERVIEW What follows is a brief summary of the critical events that shaped the planning and conduct of Operation Anaconda, the final and largest battle in the initial invasion of Afghanistan after the attacks of September 11, 2001. Operation Anaconda was an American-organized mission that involved the American soldiers who purposed to dig fighting positions in Afghanistan. Since this endeavor is inherent within all human will, it then seems agreeable, that so long as the human will exist then so will the probability of war. A Predator UAV had the convoy under surveillance, showing 3 SUVs, a pickup truck and a large security element of gunman. You are required to give an in depth introduction of your topic. Operation Anaconda not have had an ideal start, but after a few days and some recalibration, the tide turned for the better. The U.S. forces had a mission to secure the escape routes out of the valley. Because of the poor initial intelligence assessment, the troops on the ground were initially exposed to a much higher prudent risk factor than what was originally anticipated. CIA paramilitary officers, working with their allies, attempted to destroy al-Qaeda and Taliban forces. Airpower Against Terror Americas Conduct of Enduring Freedom. An Anaconda is a snake that squeezes and suffocates it's victim. At approximately 06:10, Razor 01 reached the landing zone. TF Hammer consisted of AMF and special operators as the primary effort to assault the Shahi-Kot Valley; their objective was to enter the valley from the north, assaulting through the villages of Serkhankheyl and Marzak, where intelligence indicated that the enemy was concentrated, and channel fleeing enemy into the TF Rakkasan blocking positions. It provided an example of the ability of the American military to accomplish the mission in the face of adversity and to succeed regardless of the chances for success. The cause of the conflict is said to have been the complaint of some U.S. soldiers that the KSK soldiers had only changed their position when a shepherd stumbled into their hideout instead of killing him. Command and control of combat land operations become a critical role of the commander. Several soldiers were injured after their jingle trucks overturned, the commanders ordered the trucks to use their headlights, destroying any element of surprise. It was decided to use U.S. conventional infantry. The battle can be analyzed from the point of view of mission command principles, such as mutual trust, competence, shared understanding, and clearance of the commander's intent . We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. These assets were tasked instead to the TF Anvil troops. In the late evening of 3 March, Lieutenant Colonel Pete Blaber received notice from Brigadier General Gregory Trebon, commander of TF 11, that two SEAL fire teams commanded by Lieutenant Commander Vic Hyder were to be inserted into the Shahi-Kot Valley. (2007). The men on the floor of the valley then picked up and began to patrol north again moving another 50 or so meters when an RPG was fired off a low foothill to the east. It is the example demonstrated by Medal of Honor Recipient Master Chief Britt Slabinski. "Roberts Ridge" Bantam Dell (New York), 2013.: Macpherson, Malcolm. Others within AFO and the CIA were making the same connection. The planning process lacked commander's intent, understanding, and mutual trust. TF Hammer consisted of a large force of Afghan militia led by Zia Lodin and the Special Forces A-teams Texas 14/ODA 594 and Cobra 72/ODA 372. Operation Anaconda. As events unfolded, commanders were able to quickly adapt to the realization of their predicament. This was the first time this capability had been used for a live combat mission. Some are critical about the success of American and coalition forces but General Tommy Franks who led the attacks against the Taliban in 2001 and oversaw the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and defeat of Saddam Hussein stated that OA was an unqualified and absolute success (p. 346). Action is power and no greater force catapults action like the power of war. and mutual trust between the DRA and the Soviet forces. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Page 352: Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, record for the longest combat kill by a sniper, "Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region", "Taliban celebrates 2002 battle in which it defended Al Qaeda", "Report: Friendly fire killed U.S. soldier", "Seymour Hersh's alternative history of Bush's war", The U.S. Army in Afghanistan Operation ENDURING FREEDOM October 2001 - March 2002, https://web.archive.org/web/20040728014146/http://www.stripesonline.com/, BBC News: Al Qaeda 'executed US serviceman', Strategypage interview of Col. Wiercinski, Executive Summary of the Battle of Takur Ghar (pdf), VFW Magazine: Valor in the Face of the Enemy - Air Force Cross awarded to Senior Airman Jason Dean Cunningham and Tech. The United States had secured the support of friendly governments as well as much needed ground support from the Northern Alliance. The road was in poor condition and difficulties ensued. TF Panther was under the command of Colonel James L. Huggins and had two infantry battalions from the 3d Brigade of the 82d Airborne Division and one attached infantry battalion from the division's 1st Brigade. (LogOut/ Operation Anaconda was carried out in Shahikot Valley in eastern Afghanistan by the United States forces during early March 2002. Operation Anaconda demonstrated a breakdown in all six mission command philosophy principles and became the catalyst for changing the way war was conducted by the United States. Finally, between several generals including SOF generals; the principle of shared understanding is exemplified as they agreed that command and control would be more effective under a conventional generalship under General Franks with SOF as a support element (Lambeth p. 167-168). The exhausted Rakkasans were replaced by fresh elements from the 10th Mountain Division, who continued to clear the southern end of the Shahikot. However, during Operation Anaconda, the Afghan troops were not from the battle-tested Northern Alliance, but instead from a local, untested Pashtun militia. In his mind, as the mission commander of his team, he calculated the risk against him and his team. The six principles of mission command are: build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, provide a clear commander's intent, exercise disciplined initiative, use mission orders, and accept prudent risk. Use your time to develop a deep understanding of your topic to fully explain your analysis. As a result of this action, both Technical Sergeant Chapman and Senior Airman Cunningham were awarded the Air Force Cross, the second highest award for bravery. Operation Anaconda would have greatly benefited from a unified command structure, because of the command structure that the operation used there were many issues with planning, integration, and confusion. The expectation of very limited enemy indirect fire capability meant that only a single 120mm mortar was brought in the first wave. foreign exchange transaction comprises both international trade & remittance. Operation Anaconda serves as a powerful model for commanders and army leaders to apply the principles of Mission Command to overcome unpredictable challenges and eventually achieve their potential. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. Mission orders rely on individual initiative and provide the maximum freedom of choice in how to best accomplish the assigned mission. Further air support was provided by U.S. Navy units and French Air Force Mirage 2000Ds. Mission orders define the desired results but do not mandate how to achieve them. Guidance and Requirements: a. In the planning phase of the operation, the commander of Delta Force, LTC Pete Blaber ruled out any helicopter infiltration of AFOs into the area as not to alert the terrorists in the valley; in addition to AFOs conducting reconnaissance of routes into and around the valley on modified Polaris ATVs (often in adverse weather conditions on difficult terrain), two teams (codenamed India and Juliet) with 3 and 5 operators (respectively) of highly experienced Delta operators from their squadrons Reconnaissance and Surveillance Troop climbed high into the mountains and gorges of the Shahikot, often in extreme weather conditions, to conduct environmental reconnaissance. Then develop the body of the paper fully Mission orders are the guide by which tasks are assigned, resources are allocated and guidance is issued. The aircraft immediately began taking fire, and the right door minigunner, Sergeant Phillip Svitak, was killed by small arms fire. Salvation came after dark in the form of an AC-130U Spooky gunship that unlike the faster-moving jets during the day, was able to loiter over the area and provide sustained firepower so the men could be airlifted out under cover of darkness; the group suffered 35 wounded (two chalks of which were casevaced by PaveHawk CSAR choppers) and none killed.[25]. Task Force Rakkasan: 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, 1st and 2nd battalion 187th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division. The way the operation was planned and executed highlighted the need for a paradigm shift in the way the U.S. conducted military operations. It was a complex operation set in a place and against an enemy that Americans have struggled . The level or prudent risk instantly increased to an unacceptable level as soon as the battle began. The commander is faced with the responsibility to plan for the success of the mission with the information given regardless of how inadequate the intelligence seems. Mission Command in Operation Anaconda: An Analysis (Essay Sample) Instructions: Analyze and evaluate the major points of your case study for research to write your persuasive essay. Using his family's connections in the region Nasrullah Mansoor's son, Saif-ur-Rehman Mansoor, became the leading Taliban commander of Zurmat District in Paktia Province by 2002. This operation provided many examples of how the principles of mission command are interwoven into the capability to conduct unified land operations. American forces eventually gained the upper hand, inflicting heavy casualties on the Taliban forces and pushing them out of the valley. The philosophy of mission command is supported by seven fundamental principles established in ADP 6-0 competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commanders intent, mission orders, disciplined initiative, risk acceptance (p. 19). If the DShK was not disabled before then it could shootdown Chinooks carrying the conventional forces, the SEALs planned to ambush the enemy in the pre-dawn darkness before the Rakkasans flew into the valley. [30][31], General Tommy Franks declares Operation Anaconda over, later describing it "an unqualified and complete success. The U.S. sends 400 of its troops back to base. Unfortunately, the Razor Chinooks had not been equipped with functioning satellite radios to maintain communication with the HQ in Bagram or, even more critically, the AFO Teams lead. It is clear and direct but not to the point of impeding the decision of subordinates in battle, but not vague to where it results in confusion and indecisiveness. For example, an idea forms in the mind and is stressed into action by the ambition of the human will and becomes motivated to assert its will over the will of another. As the CH-47 neared their return, the AC-130 radioed on the new satellite frequency for confirmation to fire. One team would move to the peak of Takur Ghar, which commanded the southern approach to the Shahi-Kot valley. Counterinsurgency: The operation, carried out by Soldiers of Company D, 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, was part of the continuous effort to sweep out insurgent strongholds. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? The shift came . The American military needed Operation Anaconda to happen in order to secure success for future engagements; however, it is regrettable that eight people had to provide the ultimate sacrifice in order to learn the required lessons. Operation ANACONDA was ultimately a success. This lack of air support demoralized the Afghans and frustrated the special forces. [23], Despite heavy opposition, Task Force Rakkasan managed to secure its blocking positions to the north by the middle of the morning. The entire process has taught the involved parties on how to conduct a joint operation effectively. The base of the Shah-i-Khot. Operation Anaconda was a necessary evil. Even though all overhead imagery showed no signs of life on the peak of Takur Ghar, LCDR Hyder gave the team final guidance per SOP that if any signs were seen, mission would be aborted. There are countless examples available from various American battles but one, in particular, is notable in OA. Effective mission command can generally be analyzed according to the six principles outlined in ADRP 6-0. The correspondence between the two displays an understanding of the entire operational environment. The assumption was made that this militia would perform just as the Northern Alliance performed. Osprey Publishing, 2005. Operation Anaconda was the first major joint combat operation against the war on terror that the US was committed to winning. "Use your silenced gun, then move on. The team came under immediate fire, and Air Force combat controller Technical Sergeant John A. Chapman was seriously injured, along with two Navy SEALs. The Apaches destroyed some enemy positions harassing the U.S. and Afghan troops, but the insurgents began intentionally firing their RPGs into the air. At around 20:00, the quick-reaction force and Mako 30/21 were exfiltrated from the Takur Ghar peak. Meanwhile, the 3rd battalion were dropped into the northern end of the valley with the objective of linking up with the stranded forces at the blocking positions. The goal of shared understanding is that commanders, staffs, and unified action partners will possess a shared understanding of their operational environment, the operations purpose, problems, and approaches to solving them. Close air support was an element that was not properly planned for in the beginning, but was what ended up being the lifeboat for the ground elements locked in combat with the overwhelming al-Qaeda forces. Task Force 64: 1 Squadron, Australian Special Air Service Regiment. these teams inserted into the outer edges of the valley to cut off any escape.[17]. The five-man team, including MCpl Graham Ragsdale, MCpl Tim McMeekin, MCpl Arron Perry, Cpl Dennis Eason, and Cpl Rob Furlong, killed over 20 enemy fighters during the operation and were awarded Bronze Star medals by the United States for their service. Behind every idea is a fundamental structure. The operation ran into problems from the outset. [15], The operation was composed of elements: Task Force Dagger: ODAs from the 5th SFG, B company, 2nd Battalion, 160th SOAR and USAF Combat Controllers. Command and control have evolved into a well thought out structured philosophy now acknowledged as mission command. The commanders intent for OA was clear and concise. Each principal had an individual failure that created an enormous challenge to overcome in order to accomplish the mission. [11] In this engagement, Staff Sergeant Andrzej Ropel, and Specialist William Geraci, recently transferred in from the Division's Long Range Surveillance Detachment, led the squad under fire to a ridgeline above the "Halfpipe." The intent was to eliminate the presence of the Taliban and Al Qaeda from Shahikot. According to an interview[36] of some soldiers of the German Special Forces KSK, the post-operation briefing was broken down by an argument between the KSK soldiers and U.S. soldiers. The earlier phase of the war had been conducted without a joint commander. The U.S. military aligned the command structure so that only one commander would be in charge. It is composed of two distinct areas, the Lower and Upper Shahi-Kot which run roughly parallel to each other. [27] This report has not been confirmed. However, the Chinook experienced engine difficulties, and new MH-47s were dispatched to replace the original helicopters. This delay meant that the SEALs could not be inserted into the LZ east of the peak until 02:30 on 4 March, which did not allow enough time to reach the peak before daylight. One of the F-15E pilots later acknowledged that this may have been a communication directing Grim-31 to cease fire. [6] The final plan foresaw two major forces: TF Hammer and TF Anvil. Realism and the Audiovisual Media is a major and entirely original contribution to contemporary scholarship on realism. Medal of Honor Monday: Navy Master Chief. 3 main talking points is Competence, Mutual Trust & Shared Understanding. They remained undetected in an observation post through the firefight and proved critical in co-ordinating multiple Coalition air strikes to prevent the al-Qaeda fighters from overrunning the downed aircraft, to devastating effect. Operation Anaconda was a military operation that took place in early March 2002 as part of the War in Afghanistan. One of the generals in overall charge of the events at Takur Ghar ordered the radio frequencies switched to prevent the plan being modified. Both teams of SEAL operators now opened fire down on the enemy fighters in a crossfire and the third Chinook landed its operators nearby to investigate a suspicious looking vehicle. Military Science case study. Major General Franklin L. Hagenbeck, Commander, Combined Joint Task Force Mountain, was put in command of the operation. Operation Anaconda remains one of the most significant operations in Operating Enduring Freedom. TF Hammer's attack stalled short of entering the valley, due to unexpected heavy small arms and mortar fire, combined with the lack of expected close air support. (2019). Knowledge and experience are increased through self-development, training, education, classwork, and realistic simulations. The quick reaction force (QRF) consisted of 19 Rangers, a Tactical Air Control Party (Tacp), and a three-man USAF special tactics team carried by two Chinooks, Razor 01 and Razor 02. This article examines some medical issues that were experienced by the Raider Rakkasans of the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division during Operation Anaconda in . The fighters were a mix of well equipped Uzbeks, Chechens, and Afghan Arabs. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Purchase the answer to view it. The SEAL team Mako 30, regrouped and was ferried by nearby units to a CH-47 to go back to Takur Ghar and search for Roberts. ADRP 6-0 states that the phrase exercise disciplined initiative is action in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise. A rocket-propelled grenade then hit the helicopter, destroying the right engine and forcing it to crash land. All work is written to order. As Air Force rules prohibited AC-130 aircraft from remaining in hostile airspace in daylight after the crash of an AC-130 in Khafji in the Gulf War, the AC-130 support protecting Mako 30 was forced to leave before Razor 01 reached the LZ, although the leadership was aware that Razor 01 was incoming. The AQ then opened up with a DShK as the troops on the ground ran for the only cover on the valley floor in what became known as "Hell's Halfpipe." Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. 3.3 foreign exchange department (fed) foreign exchange transaction plays a vital role in the economic development of a nation. Ropel was later awarded the Bronze Star Medal with a Valor device for his actions. When the execution of Operation Anaconda occurred, U.S. military presence in Afghanistan was not yet fully mature. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Forces flattening entire villages during Operation Anaconda: 'Let's go, free to pillage' (). Significantly, the commanders intent should not be a repetition of why the mission is occurring, but a broader clear, and concise general purpose of the concept of the mission. It provided an example of the ability of the American military to accomplish the mission in the face of adversity and to succeed regardless of the chances for success. A great example of mutual trust and shared understanding is demonstrated in The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Executive Director Global Commercial Operations Amgen. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. The Pashtun militia obviously failed to exercise disciplined initiative by failing to take action when unforeseen threats arose. 1,300 words on the Operation Anaconda Case Study. After 14 hours of heavy machine-gun fire, thick snow, rough terrain, and calling in close air support, and caring for his wounded teammates they were finally extracted (Lange (2019). [14] TF Anvil consisted of TF Rakkasan and the 1-87 to set up blocking positions and prevent enemy forces from escaping. The U.S. forces estimated they had killed at least 500 fighters over the duration of the battle, however journalists later noted that only 23 bodies were found and critics suggested that after a couple days, the operation "was more driven by media obsession, than military necessity". This round closed in on around 10 men, including the two Australians and most of the American leadership, landing in the snow and mud right amongst them but failing to detonate. 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